Memberi instruksi dalam bahasa Inggris untuk guru yang mengajar di kelas bilingual atau sekolah RSBI.

Ini merupakan  cara Memberi instruksi dalam bahasa Inggris dan   pendekatan yang positif terhadap disiplin dalam bahasa Inggris bagi guru yang mengajar di kelas bilingual atau sekolah RSBI.

1.       Giving instructions in English (Memberi instruksi dalam bahasa Inggris)

Sitting down and standing up

Moving around

Come in and please sit down. Ok – sit down now please. Sit down together at your tables. Ok – everyone – sit down – quietly. Ana – sit down over there – with your friend. Purnomo, turn around and face the front. Ok, everybody, stop talking now and listen carefully. Ok, please stand up. And don’t make too much noise. Everybody up! That’s right! Stand still! Don’t move. Stay in your places! Stay where you are.

Right. Taro, can you come here please? Ok, come out here to the front of the class. Ok, your group, come up to the front. Right, now, you, you, and you …come over here Now, get into a line, stand in a line. I want you to make two lines, along here . . . Like this, one behind the other. Let’s see…move up a bit…good, that’s nice and straight? Can you make a circle? A nice round circle. Good? Not too close…a bit further apart…step back a bit, that’s better Suresh…come forward a bit… yes, that’s it. Ok. Thank you now go back to your places.

2.       Being good – a positive approach to discipline (Berperilaku baik – pendekatan yang positif terhadap disiplin)

Please Stop Talking Now. No More Talking For A Bit. Good You Lot. That Is Niceand Quiet. You Others…Shh. Calm Down Now, OK. That’s Better. Quiet Please! Settle Down And Listen. That’s Good Eva. Thank You Emilio. Everyone Is Sitting Nicely…Except For Tom! Tom, could you sit down like the other please? Thank you. OK… Ok, we need to be quieter to hear what everybody is saying. These two groups are doing am excellent job. Thank you for being quiet. And now we are waiting for… Now whe can tell me the name of the book? Lots of hands raised. Excellent.

PRESENT FUTURE TENSE

A. DENGAN WILL/SHALL

1. BENTUK KALIMAT

A) KALIMAT NOMINAL

POSITIVE

SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + BE + COMPLEMENT

HE/SHE/IT/THEY/YOU + WILL + BE + COMPLEMENT

I/WE + WILL/SHALL + BE + COMPLEMENT

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL NOT + BE + COMPLEMENT

HE/SHE/IT/THEY/YOU + WILL NOT + BE + COMPLEMENT

I/WE + WILL/SHALL NOT + BE + COMPLEMENT

YES-NO QUESTION

WILL/SHALL + SUBJECT + BE + COMPLEMENT

WILL + HE/SHE/IT/THEY/YOU + BE + COMPLEMENT

WILL/SHALL + I/WE + BE + COMPLEMENT

WH WORD QUESTION

Q-WORD + WILL/SHALL + SUBJECT + BE + COMPLEMENT

Q-WORD + WILL + HE/SHE/IT/THEY/YOU + BE + COMPLEMENT

Q-WORD + WILL/SHALL + I/WE + BE + COMPLEMENT

B) KALIMAT VERBAL

POSITIVE

SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB

HE/SHE/IT/THEY/YOU + WILL + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB

I/WE + WILL/SHALL + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL NOT + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB

HE/SHE/IT/THEY/YOU + WILL NOT + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB

I/WE + WILL/SHALL NOT + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB

YES-NO QUESTION

WILL/SHALL + SUBJECT + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB

WILL + HE/SHE/IT/THEY/YOU + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB

WILL/SHALL + I/WE + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB

WH-WORD QUESTION

Q WORD + WILL/SHALL + SUBJECT + VERB 1+ OBJECT/ADVERB

Q WORD + WILL + HE/SHE/IT/THEY/YOU + VERB 1+OBJECT/ADVERB

Q WORD + WILL/SHALL + I/WE + VERB 1+ OBJECT/ADVERB

PENGGUNAAN PRESENT FUTURE TENSE DENGAN WILL DAN SHALL

1. Digunakan untuk menyatakn peristiwa atau perbuatan yang akan terjadi di waktu tertentu dimasa yang akan datang. Biasanya menggunakan kata tomorrow, tonight, soon, next….., immediately, someday, in the future, etc

Our uncle will visit us next Sunday

He will not come to the meeting tonight

2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang diharapkan diduga, dikhawatirkan pembicara akan terjadi. Kata yang digunakan adalah: sure, afraid, worry, believe, hope, expect, fear, suppose, etc

I am sure billy will call us soon

She hopes that they will finish

3. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang biasanya selalu terjadi atau dilakukan dimasa yang akan datang.

My aunt will visit us again next mount.

These birds will came back next spring.

4. Digunakan untuk induk kalimat (main clause) dalam kalimat pengandaian, sedang anak kalimatnya (if clause) berada dalam bentuk simple present tense.

They will come here if you invite them

If you come late, we will go there without you

5. Digunakan sebagai induk kalimat dalam suatu “time clause”, yaitu clausa menunjukan hubungan waktu. Kata keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan adalah : when, as soon as, after, before.

We will go there when it stops raining

My younger brother will buy some candies as soon as he gets some money from my mother.

After the class ends, we will play football

6. digunakan untuk menyatakan pengumuman resmi tentang peristiwa yang akan terjadi atau dilakukan dan juga untuk ramalan cuaca dalam berita ataupun surat kabar.

Mr. Yudoyono will open the tournament in Jakarta tomorrow

On the radio: fog will soon clear in all areas

7. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu maksud atau keinginan yang akan dilakukan bukan karena rencana sebelumnya tetapi karena kehendak atau kebersediaan semata.

Child : My ballon’s burst

Mother : All right. I will buy you another one

8. Dalam bentuk will bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan beberapa macam hal, seperti invitation (undangan), request (permohonan), offer (penawaran).

INVITATION

Will you come to my house tonight?

REQUEST

Will you please post the letter for me?

OFFER

Will you have some more coffee

Greetings and forms of address (Menyapa dan bentuk panggilan) untuk guru

Bagi guru RSBI yang menggunakan pembelajaran dwi bahasa dapat mengikuti percakapan Bahasa Inggris berikut ini untuk diterapkan di kelas saat proses pembelajaran.

1.       Greetings and forms of address (Menyapa dan bentuk panggilan)

Teacher		children
Good morning	Children	Good morning	Mis/Mrs/Mr
Good afternoon	Everbody	Good afternoon	[surname]
Hello	Boys an girls Girls and boys	Hello	[first name] Teacher

2.       Checking attendance (Memeriksa kehadiran)

Let’s call the roll Let’s take the register Let’s check to see who’s here Remember to answer “I’m here”

Thank you everybody So, everyone is here except . . . . So, only two people away

Is everybody here? Is anyone away? No-one absent today? Who is missing? Let’s all count to see if Everyone is here-girls first. Then boys.

Oh good, Tati, you’re back. Nice to see you are you all right now. Oh, Buyung’s away Who knows why? Is he ill? So, how many is 13 and 15? Ok . . .  yes? So that is 28 altogether

Maybe he’s gone to the dentist. What do you think? Is that more than yesterdaty? Or less than yesterday? Or the same?

3.       Organizing the classroom (mengatus kelas)

Get your books and pencils out. Pick your pencils up. Move the tables back. Turn your face around to face the wall chart. Put all your things away. Close the window beside you. Put your pencils down. Turn back to face the front. Leave these tables here. Leave the windows open.

4.       Ending lessons (Mengakhiri pelajaran)

Ok, that’s all for now. Right. We’ve no time for anything else – don’t do any more – we don’t have any more time today. Ok – just one more time before going out for a short break. Ok, now stop! We haven’t enough time to finish the monster today. So stand up . . . Ok – just one more time and then that’s ir. Ok, pick up all your things – and put the books in the cupboard. That’s all for today. On Monday, there’ll be more. Ok children, make a line to say goodbye – following the leader. Bye bye. Ok, it’s break time. So you can go out to play. But first-line up quietly by the door.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. BENTUK KALIMAT

POSITIVE

SUBJECT + will/shall + be + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

HE/SHE/IT/YOU/THEY + will + be +VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

I/WE + WERE + VERB-1-ING + be + OBJECT/ADVERB

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + will/shall + be + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

HE/SHE/IT/THEY/YOU + WILL + be + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

I/WE + WERE NOT + WILL/SHALL + be + OBJECT/ADVERB

YES-NO QUESTION

will/shall + SUBJECT + be + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

WILL + HE/SHE/IT/YOU/THEY + be + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

WILL/SHALL + I/WE + be + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

WH-WORD QUESTION

QUESTION WORD + will/shall+ SUBJECT + be + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

QUESTION WORD + WILL+ HE/SHE/IT/YOU + be +VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

QUESTION WORD + WILL/SHALL+ I/WE + be + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

1. digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung dimasa datan. Biasanya menggunakan kata at this time tomorrow, from seven to nine tonight, dan sebagainya.

My brother will be playing tennis at nine tomorrow morning.

Will they something at seven tonight?

We they be doing something for him after the dinner time to night.

2. digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang dilakukan dimasa datang tetapi peristiwa itu tidak direncanakan.

She will be helping Ani tomorrow.

I will be seeing bill tomorrow.

3. digunakan untuk menggantikan present future agar pernyataan tersebut menjadi lebih halus dan sopan.

When will your brother be visiting us again?

What time will they having dinner tonight?

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1. BENTUK KALIMAT

A. KALIMAT NOMINAL

POSITIVE

SUBJECT + TO BE + COMPLEMENT

He/she/it/I + Was + Complement

We/They/You + Were + Complement

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + TO BE + NOT + COMPLEMENT

He/she/it/I + Was + Not + Complement

We/They/You + Were + Not + Complement

YES-NO QUESTION

TO BE + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT

Was + He/she/it/I + Complement ?

Were + We/They/You + Complement ?

WH WORD QUESTION

QUESTION WORD + TO BE + SUDJECT + COMPLEMENT

Question word + Was + He/she/it/I + Complement ?

Question word + Were + We/They/You + Complement ?

B. KALIMAT VERBAL

POSIVE

SUBJECT + VERB 2 + OBJECT/ADVERB

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + DID NOT + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB

YES-NO QUESTION

DID + SUBJECT + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB

WH WORD QUESTION

QUESTION WORD+DID +SUBJECT+ VERB1 + OBJECT

PADA KALIMAT POSITIVE KATA KERJA YANG DIPAKAI ADALAH KATA KERJA BENTUK KEDUA YANG TERDIRI DARI:

a. Regular form (bentuk beraturan)

Bentuk ini dibuat dengan cara menambahkan “d/ed” pada verb (verb 1 + e/ed). Adapun aturan perubahannya adalah:

- kata kerja yang berakhiran huruf “e” hanya ditambah “d”

love = loved like = liked

type = typed decide = decided

hope = hoped realize = realized

- kata kerja yang terdiro sari suku kata dengan pola KVK (konsonan Vokal konsonan) dimana vokal tersebut dibaca pendek, maka konsonan terakhir ditulis rangkap kemudian ditambah “ed”

trap = trapped rob = robbed

rub = rubbed clap = clapped

grap = grapped wrap = wrapped

- kata kerja yang terdiri dari dua suku kata dimana suku kata kedua berpola KVK yang dibaca dengan tekanan, maka konsonan terakhir ditulis rangkap kemudian ditambah dengan “ed”

submit = submitted prefer = prefered

tranfer = tranferred permit = permitted

occur = occurred offer = offered

- Kata kerja yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhiran dengan huruf “L”, maka huruf “L” ditulis rangkap kemudian ditambah dengan “ed”

Cancel = canceled quarrel = quarreled

Travel = traveled control = controlled

- tetapi apabila suku kata terakhir dibaca panjang, maka hanya perlu ditambah dengan “ed” tidak perlu ditulis rangkap.

Reveal = revealed conceal =concealed

- kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan “Y” yang didahului dengan konsonan, maka huruf “Y” dirubah menjadi “i” kemudian ditambah dengan “ed”

try = tried study = studied

cry = cried supply = supplied

carry = carried bury = buried

B. IRREGULAR FORM (BENTUK TIDAK BERATURAN)

Bentuk tidak berturan harus dihafalkan dengan cara melihat kamus atau daftar kata kerja tak beraturan (lihat lampiran data kata kerja tak berturan)

Contoh :

Win – won – won eat – ate – eaten

Give – gave – given take – took – taken

See – saw – seen sing – sang – sung

PENGGUNAAN SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1. Menunjukkan atau peristiwa atau perbuatan yang terjadi atau dilakukan dimasa lampau yang disebutkan waktu kejadiannya secara jelas.

They were not here yesterday.

She went to Malang a week ago.

Did you come to her house last night?

Kata-kata yang dipakai yaitu:

- yesterday

- last week/month/year

- a week/month/year ago.

- This morning.

2. Menanyakan mengenai waktu kejadian.

When did you buy that camera ?

When did they visit you ?

What time did your brother leave for Yogyakarta?

3. Menyatakan perbuatan atau peristiwa yang sudah jelas terjadi atau dilakukan dimasa lampau tetapi tidak disebutkan secara pasti waktu kejadian tersebut.

My uncle brought his house from a friend of my father.

How did you meet your wife for the first time?

He brought that old car in Jakarta.

4. Menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang waktu kejadiannya bisa diketahui sebagai akibat dari pertanyaan dan jawaban yang dinyatakan dalam present perfect tense.

Ali : Where have you been?

Restu : I have just taken a walk.

Ali : Did you enjoy it?

Restu : Yes, I enjoyed it very much.

5. Menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang dilakukan atau terjadi dimasa lampau yang tidak disebutkan secara jelas waktu kejadiannya tetapi kejadian itu beberapa lama dari waktu diucapkan peristiwa itu.

Mr. Cooper lived in Bandung for a long time. (but he is not living there now)

My sister worked for that company for ten years. (but she does not work there anymore now.

6. Menyatakan perbuatan yang dilakukan sebagai suatu kebiasaan dimasa lampau di masa lampau.

My brother never drank milk five years ago.

My aunt always made her own dress when she has young.

My father used to smoke when he was young.

7. Digunakan sebagai If Clause (anak kalimat) dalam kalimat pengandaian tipe kedua (conditional sentence type 2) sedangkan Main Clause (induk kalimat) berada dalam past future tense.

I would tell you if I knew it.

If he had enough money, he would buy that hat.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

I. Bentuk kalimat

a. Kalimat nominal
POSITIVE

SUBJECT + TO BE + COMPLEMENT
I + am + complement
He/She/It + is + complement
They/we/you + are + complement
NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + TO BE NOT + COMPLEMENT
I + am not + complement
He/She/It + is not + complement
They/we/you + are not + complement
YES-NO QUESTION

TO BE + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT
Am + I + complement ?
Is + He/She/It + complement ?
Are + They/We/You + complement ?


WH-WORD QUESTION

QUESTION WORD/QW + TO BE + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT
Question word/QW + Am + I + complement ?
Question word/QW + Is + He/She/It + complement ?
Question word/QW + Are + They + complement ?





KALIMAT NOMINAL ADALAH KALIMAT YANG PREDIKATNYA BUKAN KATA KERJA, DENGAN DEMIKIAN TIDAK DIPERLUKAN KATA KERJA (VERB) DAN DALAM KALIMAT NOMINAL DIPAKAI TO BE.

A. Subject


• Personal Pronoun
I , You, He , She, It, We, They
• Noun
A soldier, an elephant, tables, books, dictionaries, farmers, etc
B. Complement
• Adjective
Happy, sad, interesting, big, small, hot, cool, young, old, balck, blue, thin, etc
• Noun
A Lawyer, student, a car, a hotel, apples, houses, a table. Etc
• Adverd
At home, in the garden, in the morning, at midnight, in the kitchen, here, there, etc
C. To Be
Am = I
Are = They/ We/You
Is = He/she/It
D. Yes/No Question
Yes or No
E. WH Question
Where (menanyakan tempat) : di mana
When (menanyakan waktu) : kapan
Why (menanyakan sebab/alasan) : mengapa
What (menanyakan subjed) : Apa/apakah
What time (menanyakan waktu) : jam berapa
What colour (menanyakan warna) : apakah warna
What kind (menanyakan jenis)
What size (menanyakan ukuran)
How (menanyakan cara/kabar) : bagaimana
How old (menanyakan usia) : berapa umur
How often (menanyakan frekuensi) : berapa sering
How many (menanyakan jumlah) : berapa banyak
How much (menanyakan jumlah/harga) : berapa banyak/harga
How fast (menanyakan kecepatan) : berapa cepat
Who (menanyakan orang/subjek) : siapa
Whom (menanyakan orang/obyek) : siapa
Whose (menanyakan milik) : punya siapakah

b. Kalimat verbal
POSITIVE

SUBJECT + VERB 1 (S/ES) + OBJECT/ADVERB
He/She/It + Verb 1 + s/es + Object/adverb
They/We/I/You + Verb 1 + Object/adverb

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + DO/DOES NOT + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB
He/She/It + Does not + Verb 1 + Object/adverb
They/We/I/You + Do not + Verb 1 + Object/adverb

YES-NO QUESTION

DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB 1 + OBJECT/ADVERB
Does + He/She/It + Verb 1 + Object/Adverb
Do + They/We/You + Verb 1 + Object/Adverb

WH WORD QUESTION

QUESTION WORD+ DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB 1+ OBJECT/ADVERB ?
Question word + Does + He/She/It + Verb 1 + Object/Adverb?
Question word + Do + They/We/I/You + Verb1 +Object/Adverd?

Aturan menambah e/es pada kata kerja(verb 1) adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Ditambah es
Apabila bertemu kata yang huruf akhirnya ch, o, sh, ss, x, dan y yang didahului konsonan

THEY/WE/I/YOU HE/SHE/IT
CATCH CATCHES
WATCH WATCHES
DO DOES
GO GOES
WASH WASHES
BRUSH BRUSHES
KISS KISSES
MISS MISSES
FIX FIXES
MIX MIXES
CRY CRIES
STUDY STUDIES
PLAY PLAYS
DESTROY DESTROYS

2. Selain tersebut di atas di tambah s

THEY/WE/I/YOU HE/SHE/IT
GIVE GIVES
PLAN PLANS
WANT WANTS
DRINK DRINKS
SLEEP SLEEPS
DESIDE DECIDES
SEND SENDS
WRAP WRAPS
BRING BRINGS
TYPE TYPES

3. SELAIN ITU SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE DIGUNAKAN UNTUK PERISTIWA YANG BERULANG-ULANG
BIASANYA MENGGUNAKAN KATA-KATA BERIKUT INI.

ALWAIS OFTEN
USUALLY GENERALLY
SELDOM RARELY
ONCE A WEEK TWICE A WEEK
OCCASIONALLY SOMETIMES
NOW AND THEN ON AND OFF
EVERY DAY EVERY WEEK
FROM TIME TO TIME NEVER

Kegunaan Simple present tense

1. Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan atau peristiwa yang dilakukan berulang-ulang atau perbuatan yang menjadi kebiasaan.

a. My parent are always at home on Sunday.
b. We are not ussually busy on Sunday morning.

2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum(kenyataan yang ada)

a. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
b. The earth is round.

3. Untuk menunjukkan kecakapan atau sifat orang.

a. Nana speaks english fluently.
b. Mr. Malik is friendly.

4. Digunakan untuk mengutip suatu berita atau pengguman. Biasanya menggunakan say. Advise. Warn.

a. In her letter she says, “My brother studies every day”
b. That notice warns us not to touch the wire.

5. Digunakan pada Headline (Judul Utama) berita dalam surat kabar atau majalah.

a. ZARIMA ESCAPE FROM PRISON
b. AMERICA ATTACTS IRAK.

6. Digunakan untuk menunjjukan suatu perbuatan yang direncanakan dalam waktu dekat.

a. My father leaves by the 4.30 train this afternoon.
b. The meeting begins at 9 o clock.

7. Digunakan dalam drama narasi yang menceritakan sesuatu.

a. Restu takes the ball from Ali. He brings to the middle and then gives it to Ronaldo who standing free not far from the penalty area.

8. Digunakan dalam anak kalimat (if clause) pada kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentence) type 1, sedangkan induk kalimat (main clause) berbentuk future tense.

a. she will not come here if you do not invite her.
b. If rains tonight, we will not come to the meeting.

9. Digunakan dalam klausa waktu apabila merupakan suatu hal yang rutin terjadi atau apabila induk kalimatnya berbentuk present future tense.

a. she wacthes television after she comes home from school.
b. Rudi buy candies as soon as he gets money form his father.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1. BENTUK KALIMAT

A. Kalimat Nominal

Positive

SUBJECT + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

HE/SHE/IT + HAS + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

THEY/WE/I/YOU + HAVE + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

Negative

SUBJECT + HAS/HAVE NOT + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

HE/SHE/IT + HAS NOT + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

THEY/WE/I/YOU + HAVE NOT + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

Yes-No Question

HAS/HAVE + SUBJECT + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

HAS + HE/SHE/IT + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

HAVE + THEY/WE/I/YOU + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

WH-Word Question

Q-WORD + HAS/HAVE + SUBJECT + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

Q-WORD + HAS + HE/SHE/IT + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

Q-WORD + HAVE + THEY/WE/I/YOU + BEEN + COMPLEMENT

B. Kalimat Verbal

Positive

SUBJECT + HAS/HAVE + VERB 3 + OBJECT/ADVERB

HE/SHE/IT + HAS + VERB 3 + OBJECT/ADVERB

THEY/WE/I/YOU + HAVE + VERB 3 + OBJECT/ADVERB

Negative

SUBJECT + HAS/HAVE NOT + VERB 3 + OBJECT/ADVERB

HE/SHE/IT + HAS NOT + VERB 3 + OBJECT/ADVERB

THEY/WE/I/YOU + HAVE NOT + VERB 3 + OBJECT/ADVERB

Yes-No Question

HAS/HAVE + SUBJECT + VERB 3 + OBJECT/ADVERB

HAS + HE/SHE/IT + VERB 3 + OBJECT/ADVERB

HAVE + THEY/WE/I/YOU + VERB 3 + OBJECT/ADVERB

WH-Word Question

Q-WORD + HAS/HAVE + SUBJECT + VERB 3+ OBJECT/ADVERB

Q-WORD + HAS + HE/SHE/IT + VERB 3 + OBJECT/ADVERB

Q-WORD+ HAVE+THEY/WE/I/YOU + VERB 3 + OBJECT/ADVERB

PENGGUNAAN PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

a. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang baru saja terjadi dilakukan. Untuk tujuan ini seringkali dipakai kata just . contoh:

She has just finished her homework.

I have just called him.

b. Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang diawali dimasa lampau dan terus berlangsung hingga sekarang. Untuk tujuan ini dipakai kata keterangan for (selama) dan since (sejak). Contoh:

Mr. Edward has lived in California for ten years.

Mr. Edward has lived in California since 1996.

c. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang diawali dimasa lampau dan berhenti pada saat bicara. Contoh:

I haven’t seen you for a weeks. Where have you been?

d. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang terus berlangsung atau belum selesai dari waktu tertentu di masa lampau hingga sampai sekarang dan ada kemungkinan masih akan terus berlangsung sampai waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang. Untuk tujuan ini seringkali dipakai kata keterangan : all this year, all day, all his life, all the time, recently. Contoh:

They have lived in poverty all this year.

The guests have waited there all day.

e. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang terjadi dimasa lampau tetapi masih terkait dengan masa sekarang. Yaitu : kejadian itu masih bisa terulang lagi di masa sekarang. Contoh:

I have seen wolves in the forest.

f. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang terjadi atau dilakukan di masa lamapau tetapi akibat yang bisa dilihat atau dirasakan sekarang. Contoh :

He has washed the car. It looks clean now.

g. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang pernah (ever), tidak pernah (never), sering (often), sekali (once) terjadi dalam kehidupan seseorang, dan untuk tujuan ini seringkali ditambahkan dengan kata keterangan before. Contohnya:

She has often visited the museum before.

I have never been to Bali all my life.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. BENTUK KALIMAT

POSITIVE

SUBJECT + TO BE + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

HE/SHE/IT/I + WAS + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

THEY/WE/YOU + WERE + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + TO BE NOT + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

HE/SHE/IT/I + WAS NOT + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

THEY/WE/YOU + WERE NOT + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

YES-NO QUESTION

TO BE + SUBJECT + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

WAS + HE/SHE/IT/I + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

WERE + THEY/WE + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

WH-WORD QUESTION

QUESTION WORD + TO BE + SUBJECT + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

QUESTION WORD + WAS + HE/SHE/IT/I + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

QUESTION WORD + WERE + THEY/WE + VERB-1-ING + OBJECT/ADVERB

2. PENGGUNAAN PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

A. Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa-peristiwa atau perbuatan masa lampau yang selama waktu tertentu yang batas waktunya tidak diketahui atau dianggap tidak penting.

They were discussing something for hours

My brotherwas sleeping soundly

B. Apabila diikuti denagn titik waktu tertentu, digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang terjadi atau dilakukan sebelum waktu tersebut.

At seven this morning she was bathing the baby.

C. Apabila digunakan tanpa titik waktu tertentu. Bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang secara berangsur-angsur atau secara bertahap berkembang di masa lamapau.

It was getting colder

My uncle’s health was improving

D. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang sedang terjadi atau sedang dilakukan diwaktu tertentu di masa lampau. Untuk tujuan ini sering kali dipakai kata keterangan waktu. All day, all night, all afternoon, all morning, etc

The children were watching television all morning yesterday

It was raining hard all day two days ago

E. Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi bersamaan di waktu yang sama di masa lampau. Biasanya menggunakan kata while atau whereas.

My father was washing the car while my mother was cooking in the kitchen.

We were studying whereas my sister was listening to the radio.

F. digunakan untuk peristiwa dimasa lampau tapi peristiwa terjadi tidak sengaja atau tanpa sebab.

I was visiting him but he suddenly appeared in my house.

They were going out but their uncle came to visit them.

G. di gunakan untuk menyatakan rencana yang dilakukan yang akan segera dilakukan dimasa lampau.

He packed his clothes. He was leaving for Jakarta

She bought some flour. She was making some cake

H. Digunakan untuk mengumkapkan rasa jengkel yang terjadi dimasa lampau. Biasanya menggunakan kata always dan forever,

He was always calling her at night.

I. digunakan untuk menyampaikan suatu hal atau gagasan dimasa lalu.

What were you doing before you came here?